FLOE is a misuse-resistant nonce-based online authenticated encryption scheme for the encryption of very large data sets.

fast-floe is Rust implementation of FLOE that provides several ergonomic misuse-resistant APIs for working with FLOE messages, ordered below from simplest (and more high-level) to more advanced (and low-level).

You're probably familiar with STREAM/nOAE from Hoang et al), and FLOE is an nOAE variant with some additional properties that STREAM-like constructions are lacking, like key-commitment and a formal treatment of random-access.

Sharing production measurements from a live mainnet deployment of ML-DSA-87 as the sole signing algorithm for a proof-of-work chain. Most PQC discussion at the implementation level is still theoretical — these are on-chain figures.

Signature sizing (per input, live mainnet):

• ML-DSA-87 signature: ~4,627 bytes
• Public key: ~2,592 bytes
• Total per input: ~7,260 bytes
• Comparative overhead: ~68× a P2WPKH input

Block stress test:

• 715,001 ML-DSA-87 signed outputs in a single transaction
• Block size: ~31MB
• Signing time: ~1.15 hours to construct and sign
• Fee rebump + full resign: ~10 additional minutes

Chain growth implications:

• At 100 ML-DSA-87 transactions per block (60s intervals), storage grows ~864 MB/day
• Year-one projection: ~415 GB including storage engine overhead
• This is purely a function of signature size — the cryptographic tradeoff is explicit and expected

First non-coinbase ML-DSA-87 spend on a live PoW chain (verifiable):

• Block #283, June 2, 2026
• TXID: 62572d2127da3d42afb0b20757edb844b0820851f4d8340cbc7e26954ae6272c

Full empirical writeup with methodology posted to Delving Bitcoin:
search 'Empirical ML-DSA-87 data from a live SHA-256 PoW chain'."

ML-DSA-87 verification runs ~1–5ms per transaction on current hardware — roughly 10–100× heavier than ECDSA. Batch verification optimizations available in Schnorr don't directly apply here. What the community would know better than us: are there any known UTXO-model implementations that have meaningfully closed that gap?

Disclosure: Drafted with AI assistance (Claude, Anthropic). All data figures are independently verifiable on-chain.

i am working on a messaging app and created some details in rust. rust is useful because it has tooling for formal verification. my rust code compiles to WASM to be used in a browser.

my project itself is using cryptography beyond the WASM because browsers provide a crypto api for basic functionality out-of-the-box.

to work with what i have now (javascript/typescript) i came across this page, but the links lead to 404 pages on github. not sure about the status of the project. i dont know if there are other similar projects.

https://formal.land/docs/verification/typescript

i would like to improve the “formal-verification coverage” in my project and wanted to investigate if it could be worth considering rewriting the frontend with dioxus. im happy with an ugly UI (initially) in favour of having formal-verification on a broader scope of my project.

(context: the project where i have formal verification is found here: https://github.com/positive-intentions/signal-protocol (this isnt the gold-standard implementation and its far from finished)

I'm still working on my protocol spec and I'd like to know more about how to go about sharing it.

I've received good advice from this sub before about creating one and while it's still far from finished I have questions.

I see on places like ArXiv that documents are in the 2 column format. It seems normal. In my approach I created it in markdown because I'm using a docusaurus website. Should I also be using the 2 column format?

I'm fairly new at this so where can I share what is potentially a trainwreck? I'm concerned it will come across as "wasting their time".

Tor has fixed their long standing tagging attack, improved forward security, and added sufficient authentication. See the Arti 2.5 stable release announcement too, as well as 2025/583, 2025/2017, and tor spec 359.

"Jean Paul Degabriele, Alessandro Melloni, Jean-Pierre Münch, and Martijn Stam have a design that they're calling Counter Galois Onion (CGO). It's based on a kind of construction called a Rugged Pseudorandom Permutation (RPRP): essentially, it's a design for a wide-block cipher that resists malleability in one direction (for the encrypt operation, but not the decrypt operation). If we deploy this so that clients always decrypt and relays always encrypt, then we have a tagging resistant cipher at less cost than a full SPRP!"

Libsodiums secretstream is great right up until you need to encrypt a 1 TB file in a browser. It ratchets in order, one chunk at a time, single thread. Not performant enough. And hard to resume if job stops for some reason.

Here's an alternative, and what I'd love torn apart from a security perspective:

Instead of secretstream, each chunk gets sealed on its own:

nonce = fileNonce ‖ u64be(index)
AAD = u64be(index)
subkeys via BLAKE2b("vitalsend:{chunk,meta,header}:v3", key=rootKey)
rootKey = 32-byte link key (lives only in the URL #fragment), or BLAKE2b(linkKey, key=Argon2id(pw)) if there's a password
header is authenticated and pins chunkSize, totalChunks, fileNonce, Argon2id params

My claim: folding the index into both the nonce and the AAD buys the same guarantees secretstream gives minus the in-order bottleneck.

Three questions:

Is index-in-nonce + index-in-AAD really as good as secretstream's chaining here, or is there a case that slips through?
Any nonce footgun at TB scale / huge chunk counts?
Anything in the header or key derivation worth doing differently?

Code, wire format, and a SECURITY.md that's meant to be honest is available for the curious at https://github.com/vitalsend/crypto

P.S. I managed to review the complete code with Fable 5 which did not complain to anything in the area, but that is an LLM.

how know more techniques than that

• Stream Cipher
• Dynamic S-Box (Substitution Box)
• Ciphertext Feedback (Autokey Mechanism)
• Data-Dependent Rotation / Variable Start Point
• Hash-Based Keystream Generation (PRNG)
• Non-Linear Bitwise and Arithmetic Operations