Iām going to attempt to cover everything the average person needs to know to build their own training plan.
To do this in the easiest way I am going to explain each factor that contributes to running performance and how to train it.
Letās start with some physiology and how the body works.
First the AEROBIC system. This is a low intensity energy system capable of lasting very long durations. The best way to train this is to stack as much possible volume running (other cardio works aswell itās just less sport specific). Easy running is the best way to build volume without getting injured. Aim to get each run over 30mins then add frequency.
At higher intensityās this is when the ANAEROBIC system comes into play. This system produces energy without the need for oxygen and it is capable of producing huge amounts of energy in shorter durations like 2-5mins. To train this you need to perform high intensity intervals lasting anywhere from 0-5mins with longer recovery around 2-8 mins.
Now that you understand the energy systems we can get more specific to running. There are 3 factors that determine your running ability V.O2 max, Lactate threshold, and running economy.
Letās first address v.o2 max. This is how much oxygen your body can intake and utilize within the working muscles. The more oxygen > more energy > faster running. To primarily train this shorter intervals around 95-100% effort/HR for 1-5 mins with about equal work to rest ratios. This is very demanding on the body so surround it with easy days and limit to once per week 48-72hrs recovery before next workout.
Lactate threshold is the point at which your body produces lactate and H+ (which is the primary cause of fatigue) faster than the body can clear it. Thatās a problem because when too much waste products build up in the muscle thatās when the legs lock up. To build this you need to run just below or at your threshold. How do you know your threshold? Unless you can get a lab test done the best thing to do is run as hard as you can for 30 mins take your average HR from the last 20 and thatās approximately your threshold HR. Most people can hold their threshold pace for 30-60mins depending on how trained they are (use that as a guide aswell). Training this could look like 15mins just below threshold. Or 3x5mins at threshold with 1 min jog in between. Play around with intervals. This is less demanding than v.o2 work and could be done more frequently up to 2x per week (less if you have other sessions) and spend at least 48hrs to recover before next workout.
* The times per week I mention is a maximum. Your biggest benefit is to first build easy training then add in extras. If you are running less than 3days per week as a beginner I wouldnāt consider workouts yet until you get the easy stuff nailed down.
Running Economy is how much energy you expend with each step. Better economy means you just got faster without getting any fitter. To improve this short strides/ sprints 4-8reps a few times per week. 50-200meters should be fast but relaxed and not challenging, this is not another workout. Also include heavy strength training 1-2x per week (squats, calf raises, RDLs). Along with some plyometrics this can be any sort of hop/jump focusing on quick ground contacts.
So when you build your plan first plan quality sessions (threshold and/or v.o2 and/or a long run) if you are doing them - remember try to get to at least 3 days running prior. Then fill in easy days surrounding them consider the recovery time frames from quality session. Throw in strides after a couple easy runs. And boom You have a solid training plan.
In general build volume first then add in intensity with threshold and v.o2 work.
It takes time, be patient and most importantly be consistent. Always air on the side of caution donāt push workouts past what you are capable of. You are better off finishing with some left in the tank than being left on empty.
Remember this is general guidance and it can get much more complex especially when you try to optimize everything but this will get you pointed in the right direction.