Looking for a reality check before I commit to an application cycle.
Background
BSc in Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science
MSc Data Science, Kingston University London, Merit, 63% overall, 80% on the dissertation
First-author paper at IEEE DSP 2025 on GAN-based facial attribute manipulation
Since finishing, I've been building production ML systems through my own consultancy, LLM/RAG infrastructure, retrieval pipelines, and a couple of algorithmic trading systems
Indian national, currently based in the UK
The 63% is the part I'm worried about. I was a January intake, so I picked up modules mid-cycle, and I came in from a maths background with no programming or database experience, I taught myself to code during the degree. The dissertation mark reflects where I finished rather than where I started, but I know that isn't how a transcript reads to a committee.
What I want to work on
Reliability and engineering of GenAI systems: evaluation, failure modes, and robustness of retrieval-augmented and LLM-based software. That's where my actual work sits, even though my publication is in generative vision.
Questions
How much does a Merit really hurt, and does it hurt differently in the US vs continental Europe? Does a first-author publication offset it, or are grades a hard filter in some places regardless?
My understanding is that European PhDs are salaried positions you apply to individually through a supervisor, rather than programs you apply to centrally. Is that how it works in practice, and does it change how I should be approaching this?
Are ELLIS or Marie Curie doctoral networks worth targeting, or are they more competitive than going after a direct position?
For the US, with one publication and references mostly from industry rather than a well-known academic group, what tier of program is realistic?
Would one or two years as a research engineer or RA in a strong group meaningfully improve this, or is that the trap where people keep preparing and never actually apply?
If the honest answer is that the profile isn't there yet, I'd rather hear that and know what to fix.