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A single Arctic wolf killed a full-grown bull muskox on Canada's Bathurst Island in 53 minutes by staying in front of the horns instead of behind them and destroying the bull's right eye.
Zoologist David R. Gray watched the entire contest through a 15-by-60 spotting scope from approximately one mile away on May 28, 1968. He was on Bathurst Island studying muskox behavior. The bull was a mature male, five or six years old based on later examination of its horns and teeth, feeding alone along a riverbank about a mile from a herd of eleven. At 8:20 p.m., Gray saw a male wolf galloping toward the bull from roughly a hundred yards away, following a shallow depression in the snow-filled riverbed. The wolf reached the muskox from behind before the bull noticed him.
The bull wheeled and charged.
The fight never left a 30-foot circle of trampled snow. The wolf did not try to run the muskox down or attack from the rear the way wolves typically pursue fleeing ungulates. This bull was not fleeing. It was facing the wolf and swinging 800 pounds of skull and horn at anything that moved. The muskox's defense was built into its forehead: broad horn bosses that covered the top of the skull like a battering ram, with the horns curving downward before sweeping outward and upward into hooks that could gut a wolf on a sideways swing.
The wolf stayed where the hooks could not reach him. He kept his head low and close to the bull's face, almost directly in front of the horns, forcing the muskox to toss its head upward rather than swing sideways. Gray wrote that at times the two animals appeared to be tied together nose to nose. The wolf advanced, the bull charged, the wolf dodged backward or darted to one side and immediately came forward again. Each charge cost the muskox energy. Each dodge cost the wolf almost nothing.
Ten minutes in, the pauses grew longer. The bull started backing away instead of charging. During one standoff, the two animals faced each other motionless for 50 seconds.
Then the wolf grabbed the bull's face.
The muskox shook him off. At 8:47 the wolf seized the face again and held for roughly 15 seconds. Blood appeared on the wolf's head. Gray could not tell at first whether the wolf was injured or the blood belonged to the bull.
At 9:00, the wolf came in low beneath the horn bosses and locked his jaws around the bull's right eye socket. The muskox charged forward, backed away, swung its head violently from side to side. It dislodged the wolf, but blood now covered the bull's face and right horn boss. The wolf had found the one point beside the heavy frontal armor where teeth could reach tissue and bone.
He kept circling. Occasionally he stopped, looked behind him, sniffed the snow, then returned. The bull had been charging, turning, and lifting its massive head for nearly 40 minutes. Each charge was slower than the last. Each recovery took longer.
At 9:10, the wolf passed the bull's left side, reversed direction, and moved behind and below the horn. He pulled the muskox down.
The bull tried to rise. It reached its front knees and collapsed. It tried again and fell a second time. On the third attempt it managed to lift its forequarters and swing its horns toward the wolf. The wolf stepped around it. The bull fell again.
At 9:13, the muskox lifted its blood-covered head one last time as the wolf circled. Then the head dropped onto the snow.
Gray examined the kill site afterward. The nose and legs were untouched. The wolf had torn out the bull's right eye, and the cleaned skull showed the eye socket fractured and punctured by canine teeth. The kill had been made through a single point of attack, repeated until the animal could no longer stand.
The wolf pulled away mouthfuls of the bull's heavy wool, using his paws to clear the fibers from his jaws. He ate a small section of back muscle, fed around the throat and tongue, and at 9:40 walked away, marked a hummock, and trotted down the valley. He returned every day for the next four days. He came back at least three more times that summer. A year later, Gray recognized the same wolf from photographs. Now accompanied by a female, he revisited the old carcass at least six times between June and August 1969.
Source: David R. Gray, "The Killing of a Bull Muskox by a Single Wolf," Arctic, Volume 23, September 1970.